The horse ( Equus ferus caballus or Equus caballus ) is a large mammalian herbivore and ungulate belonging to one of the seven species of the family Equidae . It has evolved over the past 45 to 55,000,000 of years from a small mammal with multiple fingers to become a large hoofed animal unique. The use of the horse, maybe domesticated there 9,000 years in the Arabian Peninsula , would have spread from 3000 to 2000 years BC. BC to the whole of Eurasia . Although almost all the horses are now home, the Przewalski horse is considered the last true wild horse, and there are many domestic horses returned to the wild .
This is a species of animal used by the man and he has developed an extensive specialized vocabulary to describe the concepts associated with them. This glossary is in their anatomy and morphology to the stages of his life through his color , his race , his locomotion and behavior . Regarding the specifics of this case, horses rely on their speed to escape predators , have a good sense of balance, a strong instinct of flight and unusual feature in the animal kingdom: they are able to sleep standing up or lying down. Females, called mares , give birth after eleven months of gestation appointed a small foal . It can get up and running shortly after birth. Most domestic horses are trained to the horse between the ages of two and four years. They reach their full development to five years and their average lifespan is 25 to 30 years .
For centuries, horses are animals of war and transport in the service of men. They allow the expansion of trade and the expansion of civilizations over large areas. Regarded as “the noblest conquest of man”, present in the myths , the legends , number of encyclopedias and all forms of art , the horse is, of all animals, who has perhaps the most marked the history and progress of mankind. It is responsible for business related to its maintenance, business or sports, the most famous being the equestrian . In most developed countries, the horse is now mounted vps hosting for leisure or competition , it is the third French sport license number 3 , but it can also be used in therapy or for the production of consumer goods due to its meat , his milk , his leather and even his urine . In other countries, the horse remains a vital partner in the agriculture and transport . Maintenance of domestic horses requires a material particular and the attention of specialists.

Etymology and terminology

See also: ” horse “in the Wiktionary.
“Horse” ( / ʃəval / , plural “horses” / ʃəvo / ) is a generic term in the first place the species domestic Equus caballus 4 , which includes people reverted to wild as mustangs . The Przewalski horse and the Tarpan belong to another species or subspecies , but are referred to as “horse.”
The root Indo-European word “horse” is * h ₁ éḱwos , all terms from the primitive Indo-European language to describe the horse derived from 5 , as the Latin classic equus 6 and Sanskrit Asva 7 . The term “horse” comes from the popular Latin caballus and appointed first a “wrong horse” and a gelding , and popularly, a “work horse” 4 . This word whose use is attested in the ii th century is probably of Gallic 8 and replaces, probably before the middle of iii e century Note 1 , the classic equus 9 . The main derivatives of the word “horse” is ” Knight , “” signet , “” knight , “” straddle , “” bridge , “” mare, “” Jumper , “” horse “and” cavalcade “.
Other scientific terms related to the horse are borrowed from the ancient Greek ἵππος ( hippos ), hence the word “horse” or the term “race track”. The Greek root is also found in the name ” Philip “(who loves horses),” Hippolytus “(which loosens the horses),” hippocampus “(horse arched) and hippopotamus (river horse) 9 . The Latin equus is also derived from this Indo-European root, the origin of terms such as ” horses “,” horse “and the adjectives” horse “and” horse ” 10 .

Signet character of the horse
Among Native Americans , horses are sometimes referred to as the “big dog” 11 . The signet character shows one eye and the horse’s mane at the top and bottom members and tail.
Many familiar terms, derogatory or mean old as the horse. Among the pejorative terms are particularly ” bidet , “” nag , “” nag , “” bitch, “” bitch “and” jade “.
Generic names
An extensive terminology used to describe the different types of horses. ” Mare “means the adult female animal 12 , the mare is an adult female for reproduction 13 . The standard is an adult breeding male and recognized, the entire adult male non-castrated, the gelding a male neutered . The colt and filly young animals are respectively male and female under the age of three years, the yearling a young animal of more than one year but less than two, the foal the foal less than six months. The pony is a small horse, officially less than 1, 48 m at the withers 14 .
Idioms
See also: ” idioms of the horse “on Wiktionary.
Due to its proximity with the historic life of man, the horse has resulted in many idioms, including many animal expressions are still payday loan commonly used. Note the most typical examples of the French language as “Take the bit between the teeth,” “Beginnings,” “Take the reins,” “Have a raging fever,” “strong medicine” or “get on his high horse. ”
Hippology

Main article: Hippology .

Size comparison between a pony Shetland and a saddle horse .
The horse is a mammal herbivore, a member of the family Equidae , which also has the ass and zebra . There is controversy regarding the status of the domestic horse, as a species ( Equus caballus ) in its own right or a subspecies ( Equus ferus caballus ) of Tarpan ( Equus ferus ). The hippology (Greek ἱππος “horse” and λόγος “discourse”) considers the horse as a whole 15 , including the biology and anatomy and behavior, and maintenance.
Horses can be grouped and classified according to their race , their use, size or color. The size of horses varies greatly from one race to another. The smallest miniature horse recognized as 44.5 cm for 26 kg Note 2 and the largest, a horse , 2.19 m to 1 500 kg Note 3 , 16 . Weight and longevity will vary as well, ponies with longevity generally higher than the horses. That of the domestic horse has grown thanks to the care provided by humans, they can now live 25 to more than thirty years, although they physically begin to decline around the age of fifteen years 17 . The oldest known horse, Old Billy , died at age 62 18 .
The domestic horse has 32 ​​pairs of chromosomes 19 , against 33 pairs for the Przewalski horse . The complete sequence of its genome was established in 2007, four years after that of humans 20 .
Evolutionary history
Main article: Evolutionary history of horses .

Evolutionary pattern of the horse.
The horse is a flagship example of the theory of evolution since found many fossils, the oldest of which date back 60 million years, show that it is descended from a small forest mammals with multiple fingers, that s’ is then adapted to the plains and steppes , becoming bigger and building its only middle finger as a fulcrum on hard floors. The result is the Equus in the Pleistocene , eyeing about 1.40 m and moving on four hooves 21 .
The recent history of horses is poorly understood in terms of speciation among the donkeys , wild horses ( Equus ferus ), the zebras and the domestic horse ( Equus caballus ). It is unclear whether the different types of prehistoric horses whose bones dated from the same period were illinois dui lawyer found belonged to the same species, if the sub-species or different species if they were 22 . They were probably interbreeding and did not belong to completely separate species.
Origins of domestic horse
Main articles: Horse forests , oriental horse and tarpan .

A Tarpan steppe, animal precursor of the domestic horse.
The only accepted theory has long wanted the different breeds of domestic horses are the result of selective breeding by man made ​​from a single wild-type strain, probably the Tarpan . Various studies, including that of the Uppsala University made ​​from of DNA analysis , presented the idea in question, assuming that the domestic horse is descended from several sub-species adapted to different habitats before domestication 23 . The question remains disputed among the scientific community, but domestic horses descended from wild strains certainly captured and domesticated in different parts of Eurasia 24 .
Theory “of the four founding lineages” assumes that all modern breeds of horses descended from four to seven subspecies , the Forest horse , the horse “line” , the oriental horse and the Tarpan 22 .
Anatomy and morphology

Skull and cervical vertebrae, horses exposed to the National Veterinary School of Alfort .
Main articles: Horse anatomy and morphology of the horse .
The horse is a quadruped . Specific terminology applied to different parts of his body, including the terms usually reserved for the human being as “mouth”, “leg”, “nose” and ” foot Discount Judaica products “, and unlike any other pet . Its height is measured by the tourniquet , a sort of bulge at the junction of the neck and back 25 . By convention, the horse has three main external parts: the forehand, which includes the head , the neck and forelegs, the hind composed of the croup, hips, hind legs and tail , and the body, the Denver Divorce Lawyer central portion 26 . He wears a mane and a tail whose hairs are called bristles 27 . The study of its morphology is used to describe and appreciate the beauty, malfunctions and defects of an animal 28 .
The anatomy of the horse includes the study of the skeleton , the muscles , the tendons , the digestive system , respiratory, reproductive, cardiac and nervous systems. It has 469 muscles that make up about half of its weight 27 . All its anatomical peculiarities (inability to vomit, can block her legs to sleep standing up phase of light sleep, etc..) Resulting from its ecological niche , that of large herbivores whose rapid flight is the only defense 29 . The foot of the horse is particularly important and must be attentive care, justifying the saying “no foot, no horse” 30 .

Diagram of external parties.
Types and races
Articles: in the horse races , horse saddle , horse and cob .

The Arabian horse is a breed of saddle horses typed the most and best known.

The horse is tall and strong constitution, often with baleen abundant.
The races from the species horse are many and varied. This variety originates from Storage Bins their adaptation to the environment (ability to fast, high temperature resistance or safety of walking in mountainous terrain), and especially the selective breeding and crosses made ​​by man on the domestic horse. Certain features such as speed, carrying capacity, or to tow the heavy loads, were privileged 31 . The races are generally divided into three broad categories: horses for traction, the saddle horses to be mounted, and ponies . The cobs , roadrage horses for two purposes can be mounted both coupling up, are sometimes classified separately 32 . For the horse as for many of pets , lists of ancestors have been established and many breeds have a register of livestock that can be closed (only the offspring of animals already registered can be part of the race ) or open (the registry accepts crosses with other breeds). The inclusion of a horse in such a register is subject to the rules of reporting and compliance with standard race 31 . This information is taken over by large specialized databases Note 4 .
The best-known races include the Pur Sang 33 , the Arabic 34 , the Frisian , the Pure Bred Spanish and Lusitano , The Quarter Horse , the Percheron , the Fjord pony 35 and pony Shetland 36 .
Ponies
Main article: Pony .

The ponies , as Dartmoor , horses often differ by specific morphological characters.
The pony is a horse of small size, often with a conformation and temperament. Compared to horses, they have a thicker mane, tail and coat longer provided, as well as proportionally shorter legs, wider body and a heavier frame 37 , although some may look like a pony horse model reduced. The International Equestrian Federation (FEI) takes into account the size to define a pony. According to its standards, any horse of less than 1.48 m at the shoulder (or 1.49 m rail) is classified “pony” to facilitate official competitions 38 .
But there are exceptions to this classification, such as the Camargue and the Icelanders , horses are relatively small, and the miniature horse , which despite its size of 70 cm has the external characteristics of a horse.
Marronnage
Main article: wild horse .

Herd of mustangs galloping
While some breeds of horses are completely subservient to men, others are still able to return to the wild and form herds . This is true of mustangs in the United States and brumbies in Australia , which are considered invasive and cause significant damage to plants and soils 39 . Only the Przewalski horse remained totally wild 40 .
Hybrid
Main articles: Equine Genetics , mule , Bardot (equine) and zébrule .

A mule , a hybrid born of a donkey and a mare.
The horse can t shirt printing hybridize with other horses, but the animal hybrid is usually sterile. The product of an integer and a donkey is a “hinny” , that of a donkey and a mare is a ” mule “or a” mule ” 41 , that of a horse and a zebra is named ” zébrule . ”
Dresses and signals
Articles: Robe of the horse and the horse Brands .

Icelandic horses to dress varied, one roan , one black , one chestnut and one gray at the bottom.
The color of hair and horsehair are the horse’s coat . Varied, they are a means of identifying each animal, as they are subject to classification regulated and precise vocabulary. The name of the dresses is based on the color of the hairs and bristles 42 , not counting the white hairs of the head and limbs. The most common are the bai , the chestnut and gray .
The ears are areas of irregular direction of the hair, the number and locations are identified in the report of the horses, to allow their identification. Horses sometimes have white markings on the limbs or head, the size and shape may vary. These are factors identification, precise terms exist to describe 43 . The BALZANE is a white mark on the lower legs, depending on its size and shape, it has a different name 44 .
Ethology and behavior
Main article: Equine Ethology .

The horses interact with each other by rubbing and scratching each other.
The Equine Ethology is the study of the behavior of the horse. Animal herd , the horse lives in herds of a dozen individuals 45 . He spends most of his time to eat , and the rest of its territory to explore, play and interact with members of his flock 46 , while remaining attentive to potential predators. He reassured by physical contact with other dogs, including rubbing and scratching each other 47 . Paradoxically, the ethology of domestic horse is still little studied.
Group organization
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The group consists of a standard protective (rarely two), three to four mares – the eldest of whom is often dominant leader – and their foals in two or three years, which are then driven by the standard , or leave on their own to create their own herd and ensure their offspring. Released, the standard is constituted a harem and reproduce only with mares of it. If another wants to take over the harem stallion or expand his herd, it follows a battle between males for dominance of the herd. They can be violent but are very rarely fatal. The stallion winner gets the loser’s herd.
Communication

Neighing of horses
The study of gestures, ear movements and attitudes of the head determines the mood of the horse. He free ipad sleeps his ears back if he is angry, and points to the front if it is carefully 48 term life insurance quotes . Her lips are soft and relaxed he is calm, his lower lip hanging in his sleep, clutching it shows the animal is nervous. Head and neck are also very expressive. Its members can hit the ground in case of impatience and anger, or nervousness. [ ref. desired]
Sleep

The horse does not sleep still standing. Sometimes it sets “a cow”, as the gray pony, and lies entirely on the ground to the phases of REM sleep .
Like most large herbivores, the horse sleeps little, three to five hours a day, because of its vulnerability to predators 49 . The well-known belief that he sleeps standing comes from its ability to block her legs to doze in that position. It is, however, that of light sleep, for his deep sleep and REM sleep , the horse must lie entirely. In this position, he can dream 50 .
Reproduction and Development

A foal newborn. Her long legs allow it to run shortly after birth in order to escape predators .
Articles: Reproduction of the horse and foal .
In the wild, the male sexual activity manifested at the age of one year to eighteen months 51 , ​​and the mare is able to foal two years from 52 . In captivity, whole and mares are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three years. The fertilization is done more Bankruptcy often by artificial insemination with semen frozen. This technique allows farmers to have more easily from a wide choice of male parents for their mares. For economic reasons, some farmers seeking early birth at the beginning of the year, and are able to trigger heat in the mare playing eg on the light intensity 53 .
The length of gestation is on average of eleven months, 330 days 54 . The mare gave birth to a foal at a time, with few exceptions, usually in spring . It can walk within an hour after birth, and must suckle colostrum from his mother two days before 55 .
A horse of four years is generally considered an adult, although the skeleton continues to develop up to six years. Its growth depends heavily on its size, race, gender, and the quality of care that are provided. Depending on maturity, race, and the work expected, horses are usually broken in and mounted between two and four years. well as the Thoroughbred , known for their early, can be mounted at two years in some countries, horses equestrian sports are not for three or four years because their bones and muscles are not fully developed. In endurance racing, horses are not allowed to compete for five years of age.
Gaits and movements
Main article: gait of the horse .
Natural

Horses that can play nose in mock combat.
The ways in which the horse moves are called gaits . All three horses naturally possess. The not , the slowest, is four times and corresponds to a speed of 8 or 9 km per hour . The trot , pace and skipped through two-stroke, usually can reach speeds of 15 to 18 km / h 56 . The gallop , the fastest pace in three is a long, tilted and skipped to achieve an average speed of 20 to 25 km / h , up 60 km / h in the Thoroughbred 57 . Some horses are capable of ambling , look where the two members of the same side move simultaneously 58 .
The horse jumps natural obstacles that present themselves to him, and sometimes performs jumps on site 59 . He knows the pitch and kick movements, which generally show a willingness to attack or defend themselves from him 60 .
Artificial
Articles: Airs statements and gather .
The dressing can learn new moves to the horse. Learning to collect is often necessary to obtain them. The Spanish walk is a slow characterized by a strong extension of the forelegs, the transition , a stately trot and the piaffe , passage on the spot 61 . The classical dressage also includes tunes recorded worked from the nose and kick, as the Levade , the croupade the pesada and caper 60 .
The gait may have irregularities, such as the Aubin (mixture of trot and canter) and trap (disunited trot) 62 .
Meaning
Main article: Meaning of the horse payment protection insurance .

Eye of the horse
The horse has five senses , but the existence of a sixth sense enabling him to predict the weather or danger is often mentioned 63 . The most developed are the smell , the hearing and touch . Its vision is bichromatic 64 , its angle of view of 340 degrees, but his eyesight is poor to average 65 although it very clear way in the night 66 . His hearing, fine 67 , allows it to predict earthquakes , collecting ultrasound and detect predators 68 . It has a developed sense of smell, allowing among other things, find water and to detect a female wow gold in heat to 800 m 69 , and Jacobson’s organ to analyze odors during flehmen 70 .
The horse is in principle not attracted by the sweet taste, but visitors to the man accustomed to a 71 . It has a highly developed sense of touch on the head and back, and may be part of his shuddering body in order to chase the flies which alight upon it 72 . His foot is sensitive to pressure changes. His lips are surrounded by sensitive hairs called vibrissae , comparable to the whiskers of the cat 73 .
Food and digestion
Main article: Feeding horses .

Horses need a large amount of clean water available every day.
A food fair and balanced is one of the essential elements of the Caring for horses, livestock grazing , but non- ruminants . They have one stomach capable of digesting plant fibers that come from the grass and hay through fermentation by microorganisms . This process occurs in the digestive system called the cecum , and results in the decomposition of cellulose , the main component of plant fiber 74 . Horses prefer to eat small amounts of food regularly throughout the day 75 . This is not always compatible with life in the stables, nor with the schedules of humans that promote feeding twice a day.
The digestive system of the horse is tricky. He is unable to regurgitate his food, except for the esophagus . Also, in case of excess of food or poisoning, vomiting is not possible for him 76 . In addition, the colon is particularly long and complex, the balance of intestinal flora in the cecum can be easily upset by rapid changes in supply. These factors make it prone to colic , which happen to be the leading cause of death horse 77 . They require food, clean and high quality, provided at regular intervals, and can become ill when they suffer a sudden change in diet 78 . Horses are also susceptible to mold and toxins. For this reason, they should never be fed contaminated fermentable materials such as lawn mowing 79 .
Temperament
Main article: Horse warm-blooded , cold-blooded horse and Warmblood .

The horses called “warm blooded” , as Pur Sang , thin, sharp and nervous
The horses being mammals , they always warm blood biologically speaking. The terms ” warm-blooded horse ” , ” cold-blooded horse ” , “close blood” and half-blood (or equivalent in English “warmblood” ) are used to describe the temperament of the animal, not the temperature of his body.
The races called ” warm blooded ” are mostly of Oriental origin and include the Akhal-Teke , the beard , the Arabic , the Turkoman (now extinct) and the Thoroughbred developed from them. They are bred for agility and speed, sharp, they learn quickly 80 . Physically refined, their skin is thin, slender body shape, and their long legs 81 . These breeds have been imported into Europe from the Middle East and the North Africa where farmers wished instill the qualities of speed and liveliness to the frames of light cavalry 80 .
Most horses , powerful and muscular, are ” cold blooded “. They are raised primarily for their strength, calmness and patience, qualities needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of passengers. They are sometimes nicknamed “gentle giants” 82 . The best-known breeds include Belgian draft and the Clydesdale . Some, like the Percheron , are a little lighter and bright. Others, like the slow and powerful Shire , are created to plow fields with heavy soils with a basis of clay 82 . The cold-blooded horses include also some pony breeds such as the Fjord 22 .

The modern half-blood is great, but agile and athletic.
The half-blood (or Warmblood ) as the Saddle French , the Irish Hunter , the Trakehner or hcg diet plan Hanoverian , are the source of frames produced for the army and from the crossing of local cold-blooded herds with blooded horses hot as the Arabian or Thoroughbred , to get a horse with more refinement than the horse , but also a larger and calmer temperament than the horses e cigarette of blood 83 . Some ponies half-breed was developed by crossing local herds of horses how to start affiliate marketing with blood, such as the Connemara 84 . Now, the terms ” half-blood “and” warmblood “tend to describe a specific type of races that dominate the equestrian Olympic dressage and show jumping since the year 1970 . Before then, the French term half-breed ) meant any cross between a breed known as cold-blooded and warm-blooded race itself. Sometimes the term is used to refer to the light horse breeds other than Thoroughbred 85 .
Intelligence and Learning

At the beginning of xx th century , Clever Hans the horse “smart”, hit the headlines. He played really subtle movements of the public.
In the past, horses were often considered stupid animals and incapable of abstraction , subject to their own instinct herd . Since the beginning of xx th century , studies (and facts as the case Clever Hans ) have demonstrated their ability cognitive in solving a number of everyday tasks, including foraging and management the social organization . Horses are also endowed with good spatial visualization skills of 86 . They exhibit intelligence in problem solving , are endowed with faculties of learning and retain knowledge they have acquired. Their results are excellent learning simple, horses are also able to solve problems that involve advanced cognitive categorization and concept learning. They respond well to the habituation to the desensitization , in Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning . Their capacity can be positive as negative. A 2009 study even suggests that horses are able to count to four 87 .
Domestic horses tend to be able to solve more complex problems than the wild horses, because they live in an artificial environment that inhibits behavior instinctive while learning tasks unnatural 86 . The horses are generally very sensitive to habits. They respond and adapt much better when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. Some trainers feel that the ” intelligence “of horses is a reflection of that of their instructor, which makes effective use conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train each animal in the manner best suited to his natural inclinations. Other people who work with horses regularly note that personality may also play a role in determining how an individual animal responds to diverse experiences 88 .
The horse and man

Show circus with horses in Italy .
Extract from the horse Larousse , 1983
Within a generation, the civilization of the horse just disappeared. An almost universal civilization whose origin is lost in the millennia, has died quietly, discreetly. [...] This is a decisive and irreversible break in the history of societies 89 .
The combination of man and horse, an animal that has “no doubts” as the history and progress of humanity 90 , lasts thousands of years 91 in which the horse is the favorite of ancillary rights 92 for transport , the war and work . The first meeting dates back perhaps a million years or more, but these reports remain those of predator and prey to the domestication 93 . The relationship between horse and man is based on the use of muscle strength of the animal, to serve human needs 94 . This ‘exceptional’ association contributes significantly to the evolution of society, and becomes dramatically during the xx th century in most developed countries 93 . The place is nonetheless symbolic of the horse, through a number of popular expressions and use of the unit horsepower 94 .
Domestication
Main article: Domestication of the horse .
Several theories exist as to the domestication of the horse . The most recent discovery is the following 9000 years in the Arabian Peninsula 95 , but has not yet been validated. Previously, the date of 6500 years BC, in what is now Kazakhstan 96 , was raised after that, long recognized, for 5500 years BC, in the Botai culture , where traces of coupling and collection of mare’s milk were found 97 . The linguist Winfred P. Lehmann argues that the horse was domesticated from the VIII th millennium BC. BC , near the Black Sea 98 . Other theories suggest the south of Russia , the Romania or the Ukraine to the IV th millennium BC. AD , for the Kurgan hypothesis 99 . A smoking gun is the use of carts in the funeral culture Andronovo , to the II th millennium BC. AD 100 .
Domestication is also studied on the basis of the comparison between the genetic material of actual horses and that of bones and teeth of horses found during archaeological and paleontological resources. The variation in the level of genetic material suggest that a very small number of stallions wild, and against a large number of wild mares, would be at the origin of domestic horse 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 . Indeed, there is very little genetic variability at the Y chromosome , passed from male to male (paternal line), while the variability of mitochondrial DNA , passed on by mothers (maternal line) small for all sexes is very important 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 .
There are also regional variations in mitochondrial DNA, due to the inclusion of a posteriori of wild mares from Chrome Wire Shelving herds already domesticated 103 , 104 engagement ring , 105 , 106 . Another consequence of domestication is an increase in the variability of dresses 107 , in horses, especially between 5000 and 3000 BC 108 .
Antiquity
Main article: Horse in ancient times .

Roman mosaic of a chariot race, Sicily, third / fourth century
In Europe, Greeks , Romans and Byzantines used the horse for warfare, communications, transportation, but also the chariot races . For their part, the Celts worshiped Epona , the goddess of horses, whose worship was transmitted to us because of its adoption by the Roman troops riding. In the Middle East, some tribes Persians seem to have selected the Arabians 109 [ ref. desired] , horse of the desert, rugged and stylish, they also invent the polo . When the Hyksos invaded the Egyptian in the xvii th century BC. BC , the Egyptians using horses for civilian tasks. The cavalry , which will power the pharaohs of the New Empire , then the side of the enemy and will be a determining factor in the defeat of Egypt. In Africa, the cavalry Numidian is an important unit of the armed Carthaginians in the Punic Wars , while the Roman cavalry was deemed poor.
In Asia, the oldest char -drawn to have reached us intact from the tomb of Chinese Emperor Wu Ding , who died in 1118 BC. BC The horse was not used as draft animals in the agriculture but the Chinese were behind the collar of his shoulder. They used the bracket to the vi th century BC. AD , the cavalry forming the bulk of Chinese troops. The horse (马) serves as a means of transport and communications (courier). When the Persian game of polo arrived at the court of the emperor, everyone fell in love with. The Chinese not being of livestock permanent horses, they were still a luxury imported from the Middle East .
In Japan , the horse is an animal fighting, courier and freight, but in this case is guided by men on foot [ ref. desired] , which limits its potential. The peoples of Asia have developed a unique military unit that is the archer on horseback .
Middle Ages
Main article: Horse in the Middle Ages .

Game Bavarian the XV th century

Arrival of the Crusaders in Constantinople
In the Middle Ages , specific types of animals are developed. The horse is best known through the image of a huge animal encased in iron associated with its knight in full armor, but the historical reality is more nuanced 110 . The prestigious and powerful steeds of war are the knight in armor, his weapons , a large saddle and caparaçonnage 111 , 112 . The courier , faster, is also used for war 113 . The horses of prestige and parade, called ” palfreys “are deemed expensive 114 , as the hackney mare of Cell Phone Accessories rich ladies. The stallion , less valuable, is occasionally mount the poor knights or horse shoe 113 . The use of horse traction is enhanced by the spread of shoulder collar in Europe in the xii th century, allowing the horse to replace advantageously the beef farms 115 . Medieval horses are named after their place of origin, such as “Spanish horse” , but this term may be referred to several races 116 . Significant technological advances such as improved stool , the arrival of the stirrup , the shoulder collar and horseshoe allow major changes in the equestrian equipment for the war and the agriculture . The Church prohibits hippophagy in 732 114 .
In the Middle East , the horses are the riders Islamic until Spain and cultural exchanges take place during the Crusades and the Moorish invasions. Eight Crusades between 1097 and 1300, are to meet two radically different cultures equestrian, knights heavy loads and trying to throw their opponents, the Bedouins trying to cut the enemy in room 117 . In Asia , the cavalry is the main force of armed Mongols and Tartars .
Renaissance and Modern Times

Riding academies favor the dressage horse. Here work on two pillars
Main article: Horse in the Renaissance .
With the arrival of the Renaissance , the invention of gunpowder causes the end of the heavy cavalry and a new selection of the war horse. Academies of riding are created, first in Italy to obtain horses more manageable 111 . The Spanish school in Vienna was built from 1572 , and the Habsburgs founded the stud farm cradle of Lipizzaner to Lipica in 1580 118 .
The idea of selecting the best horses of war made ​​its way under François I er , and October 17, 1665, Colbert ordered the creation of the National Stud . In the xviii th century, the creation of stud farms, stables and training schools enhances the reputation of the royal horses, become lighter and more flexible. On the eve of the French Revolution , the State has fifteen National Stud and nearly 750 breeders. These studs are removed by wedding ring the Constituent Assembly in 1790 119 .
The English horses crossed purebred Arabian and Barb with their native species to create the Thoroughbred , famous race horses. The first settlers Spanish réintroduisient the horse Barbe and Andalusian in both American continents. The species had been missing for more than eight millennia. In 1519 , the conquistadores of Hernán Cortés brought with them eleven horses and six mares 120 , which became the first ancestors of the Mustangs . The Indians had never seen these animals, the conquistadors won many battles in passing to the deities. Cortez would have said: “We owe our victory to God and our horses.” The animal is spreading rapidly, especially in North America . During the conquest of the West , hundreds of thousands of wild horses inhabit the continent. In the xviii th century , American Indians raise large herds of horses whose total number exceeds one hundred fifty thousand [ref. needed] . From these emerge most trained mustangs of the American races. The Indians Nez Perce operate selections from the Mustangs for the appaloosa .
Contemporary
Main article: Stud under the First Empire .

Napoleon I er with his generals
Horses play an indispensable role in the conquests Napoleon , and the casino Arabians are horses of choice for the cavalry . In the xix weight loss pills th century , breeding programs are transforming local horse breeds and create new ones for the needs of the horse, parallel, powerful breeds of horses are selected. The successive arrival of the railway , motor transport and tractor sign the death Relevant Life Insurance knell of the horse-drawn during the xx th century in most developed countries 94 .
The Musical Ride: military, farmers, travelers and merchants have been replaced by recreational riders, often city dwellers in search of sensations and contact with nature, and sports. Meanwhile, riding dominated by macho military at the time, completely feminized 94 . Now, only the people riders , including the Mongols whose children still learn to ride before you can walk, proving again how the use of horses was paramount and decisive in the history of mankind 93 .
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Activities related to horse

Main articles: Equestrian Trades and riding .
Many businesses STD Testing exist around the horse 121 . The two main historical uses of the horse is that of a horse rider, and that of animal traction . These two objectives lead to a classification between the saddle horse and the horse .
The professional riders , jockeys and drivers mounted animals in competition, coaches and instructors who teach new riders and organize rides. Breeders breed and sell horses. The riders show, Republican Guards, coaches, horse Criminal Attorney Chicago traders, sellers stable, equine rental, health support and supply chain of butcher work daily with these animals.
Some businesses specialize in the care of horses, farriers engaged in the hardware and hooves, grooms daily care. Associated activities concerning the manufacture and sale of tools and specialized instruments: the saddlers , harness confectionnent saddles and bridles.
Livestock and Trade
Main article: horse breeding .
The horse breeding employs approximately 47,000 professionals in France 122 , of which 11 000 are raising horses and often have two or three mares.
There are three channels for trade in horses. The first is related to the racing world. The horses are born into stud specializing in selection . They can be sold at auction, sold by their owners and placed in stud who will take charge of the train and make them run. After their careers, they are intended for breeding or not based on the results. In the mid- 2000s , the value in France for a foal at a gallop average was € 25,000 and € 30,000 on average, but between € 10,000 and € 20,000 for a trotter. Gains generated by the victories in the races can be substantial. For example, the horse named “Lawman” yearling sold at a price of € 75 000 in 2005 reported € 1.858 million to its owner in 2007. Some investors are creating companies to acquire and lease space in the stud to lead and make them run. The best flat horses are traded on several million euros.
A horse with no pedigree can be worth less than € 1 000 for both channels, sometimes considered bad horses are sold at prices of the mass of meat ( 150-500 € ), but a horse without a pedigree can also be sold at a martial arts denver price as high as a horse of great descent if it was detected in very large capacities.
The third pathway for animals destined to leisure, tourism or work. It is more traditional and less formal. For males to outstanding sports results, semen for the artificial insemination is a significant source of revenue. The horses of the three courses to complete their life to the slaughterhouse and thus be sold at less than € 800 in 2007. The sale for this purpose, according to some sources, essential to the sustainability of the activity of small farmers and therefore the maintenance of the diversity . [ref. required]
Care

A veterinarian taking a radiograph of a previous
Main articles: Equine Care , Equine Medicine and Farrier .
Economic and emotional value of the horses behind the diversity of care they provided and the amounts that some owners can spend their horse. The grooms and farriers engaged in feeding and caring for horses. This care is to practice every day (such as grooming ), or depending on weather conditions, such as mowing or shower . The feet should also be a special care. These latter are lubricated, trimmed and shod, if the daily work of the animal requires. During contests or competitions, it can also be brought to receive a special grooming that can be completed with mats, and in some cases ribbons. Finally the maintenance of boxes and pastures contributes to the well-being of horses and their health.
In 2004, 262 veterinarians are equine specialists in France 123 . There is also a research in spa covers the iPhone Unlock field of equine genetics . Other professions contribute to medical care. The dentists equine principal activity is the filing of the teeth of the horse because they grow throughout their lives. The osteopathic manual therapy equine practice by applying the same principles as the osteopathy in humans. The farriers treat orthopedic hcg pathologies of the foot by making orthopedic shoeing. The grooms, trainers take care of cure light.
There are several relaxation techniques such as the aromatherapy and massage therapy . Aromatherapy is to treat a horse with essential oils. The aromatherapy is the foundation of massage therapy. In the latter, one often uses essential oils to make massage. In the care of wounds in the legs, the hydrotherapy can be used either by water jet massage or by swimming the horse.
Work

During labor in Beaune

Skidding with a horse .
The horse is an animal historically work for the transport of passengers and pulling farm equipment. During the xx th century, it was abandoned after the engine . It disappears from the landscape of cities faced with the rise of the automobile . Paris home to more than 50,000 horses in the early xx th century, of which approximately 10,000 dedicated public transport. Today, this city remains one of the major European capitals where traffic riding is prohibited except by special dispensation. Certain breeds of horse have almost disappeared with the end of the tow and the mechanization of agriculture .
Some traditional uses of the horse have always continued by tradition rather than for economic reasons such as monitoring of herds in Camargue . In France , after being abandoned as a tool for work, the horse is again used in many tasks within a company that wants more sensitive to the ecology . The horse goes to places inaccessible to the tractor and does not damage the floor. The skid is developing with a good performance / cost of land in some configurations. Example of logging sites in France : the Bois de Vincennes ( Paris ), La Courneuve Park ( La Courneuve , Seine-Saint-Denis ), Park St. Cloud ( St. Cloud , Hauts-de-Seine ), etc.. Long associated with an image of underdevelopment, the plowing of the soil by pulling back the size equine particularly viticulture . This practice is particularly respectful of the land by reducing soil compaction due to the weight of motorized farm equipment, it is therefore ideally in a process of sustainable development 124 .
The horse is used by research units and auctions online rescue victims in Canada. Garbage collection with a draft horse use is anecdotal, but real as in Trouville ( Calvados , France).
Military use

Mounties English
Main article: The role of the horse in war .
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In addition to the traditional Republican Guard , which in addition to its representative missions, provides mounted patrols in forests or gardens, there is a revival of mounted police units or guardian of green space. An officer on horseback was an increased ability to travel, enjoys a high and clear vision, inspire respect and fit more easily in touch with people through his mount. Examples of mounted police: Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or GRDC), mounted police in La Courneuve ( Seine-Saint-Denis , France), Orleans ( Loiret , France), etc..
Natural horsemanship

Horse dressage on a recovery
The natural horsemanship is a new teaching method of training based largely on the equine ethology . Some horse trainers claim it and give during “training ethological”. These trainers, the new masters , are the French disciples of “whisperers”, a literal translation of their English name, Horse whisperers . The pioneers are the American Ray Hunt , Pat Parelli , Monty Roberts Container Store and Tom Dorrance 125 .
Pet Therapy
Main article: Hippotherapy .
Some organizations use the horse as a means that contributes to the therapy of people with a physical or mental disability or are socially deconstructed. The movement of horses to help strengthen muscles and balance of the rider. The latter is required to show attention and reasoning. The horse chiropractic marketing is also used without being mounted. Therapy while the patient is in contact with a pet and interact with it. As in all the pet therapy , the animal is a social catalyst for example to talk about old men who no longer spoke for years. The grooming of the horse can also revalidate whenever possible joints tired. These associations require different skills such as nurses, doctors, physiotherapists, auto insurance rates social workers, educators, riding instructors and horses suited to their business 126 car transport .
The French Equestrian Federation (FFE) now organizes competitions paraéquestre dressage and obstacle through regulation adapted to disabled riders 127 .
There are even national and international championships taking the practice to impressive levels. [ ref. desired]
Sport and leisure

Jumping contest
Articles: riding , equestrian sports and horse racing .
Today, the horse is generally used mounted ( horse ) for leisure ( pony-games , walks and hikes) in the equestrian (dressage, show jumping, hunter, cross country, eventing, vaulting, TREC, riding Western) in the equestrian and as animal show. It is also used coupled either recreational or sport. The electronic cigarettes horse is denver accident lawyer sometimes valued as a pet (minichevaux). There are also team games: polo , polocrosse and horse-ball . Some passionate practice and develop such a unique horse riding and jousting, medieval jousting secure reproduction or the archery on horseback, electronic cigarette the Yabusame .
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Meat production
Main articles: Horse meat and hippophagy .
The horse meat is a red meat popular in some countries but considered taboo in others, including the United Kingdom and the United States , and to a lesser extent France . This aversion of the hippophagy comes from its prohibition by the Popes Gregory III in 732 and Zacharias in 751 , but also the status of the horse, now close to the pet . In 2005 , 24,460 tons of horse meat consumed in France , and there are about 1,000 butchers specialized 128 .
Leather, hair, milk and urine of the horse are also used.
The horse in the culture

Related article: Symbolic of the horse .
From its first performances on the walls of caves such as Lascaux , the horse has always been present in the culture human, either through myths and legends, works of art or works of fiction. The animal has a wealth of symbolic and depict the stories in countries as far away as Ancient Greece , the Indian , the France , the Iran or the Philippines . Particular qualities and attributes fantasy may be associated with these horses, often described as the mounts of kings, prophets and heroes.
Sacrifice and burial
Main article: horse sacrifice .
Number of people Indo-Europeans such as Germans and Celts 129 , develop cults and rituals related to the horse and his sacrifice. Some are explained in the Brahmanas 130 . Thus the Roman ritual of October Equus , involving the sacrifice of a horse in October, is reconciled ancient Indian ritual called ashvamedha . The Indo-European myths are strongly influenced by the domestication of the horse . In Lower Saxony and in the Lüneburg Heath, there are still many old houses adorned with two horse heads in wood: this is perhaps the mark of a tradition dating back to the time when the heads of sacrificed horses were attached to the huts to protect the people and banish the evil 130 . The horse is the animal that is found buried with human: a cemetery was discovered in France with the graves of men and horses arranged in certain positions voluntarily 130 .
Myths and legends
Main articles: Horse in Norse mythology and Horse in Celtic mythology .

Bellerophon mounted on Pegasus, v. 440 BC. BC , Louvre
The horse is very present in Greek mythology , including the famous winged horse Pegasus , and the Centaurs , creatures half-man half-horse. The mares of Diomedes mares are wild carnivores and captured by Heracles 131 , 132 . According to tradition, Bucephalus , the horse of Alexander the Great , descended from one of them 133 . In the Greek gods, the horse is the attribute of Poseidon , god of oceans and seas, who created and taught men to mount 134 . The horses of the sun pull the chariot of Helios under the old traditions 135 and Ulysses built the Trojan horse , a giant wooden horse in which he hides soldiers to capture the city of Troy 136 .
The Celtic people place a high place to the horse through the goddesses Epona , Gaulish horse goddess whose worship was continued by the Romans. The intelligence and ferocity of the battle is rented horses in the heroic epics and Arthurian legend . Some traditions persist to this day, like the Kelpie , a horse’s aquatic Scottish folklore that carries its victims in the water. The Norse mythology also mentions a large number of horses in the Eddas and sagas , the most famous is Sleipnir , the eight-legged stallion of the God Odin .
In Chinese tradition, the horse represents the nomads of the steppes. It is also the symbol of the “barbarians.” The Chinese used it to pull the floats but avoided the up [ref. needed] . A sign zodiac Chinese corresponds to the horse. In India, an avatar of Vishnu is the white horse, this animal is also linked to hymns to Indra , god of war. A mythical figure of the horse is the Qilin , described as the unicorn Asia. In the legendary Korean Chollima is a winged horse too fast to be mounted.
Religions

Muhammad in the episode of the Night Journey riding the horse Buraq, surrounded by angels, the Archangel Gabriel , left.
Religion in the Christian , the Horsemen of the Apocalypse ride each one of the four horses appeared at the opening of four seals. They are mentioned in the Bible, in the 100 day loans 6 th chapter of the Book of Apocalypse, which predicts that they overlap at the end of the world. The four horsemen are called “War”, “Famine,” “Pestilence” and “Death.” In the Middle Ages , the horse’s image reappears through the unicorn , Christ and fantastic animal with a long horn on her forehead. Saint Georges , Christian martyr, is often depicted on horseback trying to slay a dragon . He is the patron saint of suspension lift kits the knights.
According to some stories , Allah created the horse from a pinch of wind and gives the warrior in him saying, “Go, and on his back, you will taste the pleasures that I will reserve my paradise. ” 137 . Kuhaylan is considered the first horse trained in the history of mankind for the Arabs. It is up to Ishmael , the son of Abraham . Horses play an important role in all Arab founding texts. Thus, Al- Buraq , whose name means “lightning” is the winged horse-headed woman and tail of peacock on which Muhammad , guided by the archangel Gabriel , overnight trip from Mecca to Al-Aqsa (the mosque distant) during the Miraj .
Arts
Gallery: Horse in Art

Horse scared of Eugene Delacroix .

Bayeux Tapestry, dated xi th century.
Main article: Horses in art .
The horse is represented in the art , both painting that statue . Many artists have a passion for the horse: in 1812 , Theodore Gericault and Officer horseman , Eugene Delacroix and his Arab horses fighting in a stable in 1860 , Auguste Rodin and the horse in 1864 . The Bayeux Tapestry has 202 horses. We find the horse celebrated in poetry in Paul Verlaine , the Horse of wood (Brussels II), and Paul Fort and the Lament of the little white horse , or Jacques Prévert and his Red Horse . Some songs, tell the people, glorified the horse Stewball , of Hugues Aufray , the little horse of Georges Brassens , horse sausage n o 1 of Boby Lapointe , Horses of Jacqueline payday loan Dulac , La Ballade Du Cheval Mallet , of Tri Yann , the horse of Jacques Brel , Ask my horse (Florent Pagny).
Robert Doisneau photographed in 1942 , a horse had slipped on ice and could no longer stand up: The horse fell .
Equestrian sculpture
Gallery: Sculptures Equestrian

Statue of Louis XIV at Versailles
Main articles: Equestrian Statue and List of sculptures of horses .
Interest military gave the horse a particular kind of art: the equestrian statue , which depicts hagiographic a head of state , a military leader or a hero. By its nature, it can be very easily done in stone, bronze is better, but even in this metal, its realization is the achievement. The oldest still intact is that of Marcus Aurelius in Rome . The largest known is the horse of Leonardo .
Literature and audiovisual works
Main article: Horse in fiction .
Europe

Don Quixote and his horse Rocinante .
Constant companion of heroes, the horse is rarely staged for himself. Miguel de Cervantes created Rocinante , the mare of Don Quixote . In the xix th century, Anna Sewell created the first animal story with Black Beauty , narrated by the horse itself. In modern times, Jolly Jumper is the frame of the title character of the comic strip Lucky Luke . White Mane , head of a herd of Camargue horses at liberty, is the eponymous hero of the short film from Albert Lamorisse , crowned the Prix Jean-Vigo in 1953 . Tornado is the steed of Zorro . Shadowfax (in the original Shadowfax ), is the horse of Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien . Ulysses , old horse to be delivered to a picador in arenas of Arles in the French film of Henri Colpi , Happy who like Ulysses , with Fernandel , denounced the replacement of the animal by the machine. The horse came from the sea , the Irish Film Mike Newell , from a screenplay by Jim Sheridan , released in 1994 in France , highlights the importance of the animal in Ireland and in popular beliefs.
Americas
Several horses illustrate the works of American fiction. The series The Black Stallion tells the adventures of Black, a large crack running, Alec and his young jockey. The Adventures of Flicka are told scrabble word finder in the novels of Mary O’Hara : My friend Flicka , The Son of Flicka and Green Grass of Wyoming . Another horse of American fiction is Mister Ed “the talking horse,” Heroes television series year 1960 . Pilgrim is the horse of the young Grace, 14, in The Man Whisperer horses , the best-selling Nicholas Evans who gave the film of Robert Redford . Hidalgo is a mustang who participates in a big race in Arabia, and Joe Johnston staged in 2002.
Famous horses

Alexander the Great on Bucephalus .
Some horses have returned to posterity and their name became famous. They can be because of the reputation of their owner, while others were conspicuous by their performance. Finally, some have physical features.
Bucephalus , a horse of Alexander the Great . Incitatus , that Caligula appointed consul . Roan Barbary horse of King Richard II of England. Old Billy , locksmiths the oldest horse, born in 1760 and died on 27 November 1822 at the age 62 years 138 . Nickel , The Vizier and Marengo , horses Napoleon I er . Serko , horse with crossed 9 000 km in the Russian Empire in two hundred days, and that inspired a novel and a movie . Isham , white horse Buffalo Bill . Iris XVI , Mounted Marshal Leclerc and shot during the Second World War to act of resistance because he killed a German officer.
Racehorses
Main article: List of horse racing .

Statue of Seabiscuit at the racetrack in 1942 Santa Anita
Bellino II , the first major star of French trot, the outstanding track record (3 Prix d’Amerique , 3 Cornulier Award , three Prix de Paris …) 139 . Pommeau General , who played the largest French and European races. At Vincennes , his greatest victory is the price of America in the year 2000 , won in reducing mileage by 1 min 12 s 60 / 100. Ourasi , four-time winner of the Prix d’Amerique (record) 140 . Varenne , record world gains for a trotter ( € 6,035,666 ) 141 . Bellouet Jag , website hosting record earnings for a French Trotter ( € 4,223,699 ) 142 . Persik , famous stallion who won an impressive number of races of endurance and father Winners in numerous national and international raids, dead at 32 Friday, August 24, 2001. Seabiscuit , American horse racing with unexpected victories have brought hope to millions of people during the Great Depression .
Sport horses
Jappeloup of Luze gold medalist in show jumping at the Olympic Games in Seoul in 1988 ridden by Pierre Durand . Milton , horse John Whitaker , the outstanding track record and considered by many as the best horse jumping of all time. Huaso , thoroughbred Chilean world record holder in high jumping since 1949 with 2.47 meters .
Show horses and other
Some horses have access to fame with the show or a particular physical, as Stormy , a female zébrule from the cross of a zebra and a horse, drawn by the methods ethological of Andy Booth , or Tritonis , the most great thoroughbred , died in September 1990 at the age of seven, which measured 1.98 m and weighed 950 kg 138 . Templado horse is a Lusitano horse show Cavalia’s, renowned for his pace and his huge mane and Zingaro , a horse Friesian black belonging to Bartabas , who Phen375 Reviews gave his name to the company. Black Beauty is the horse that played in the series The Adventures of the Black Prince .